Russia has lost 17 athletics medals from the Beijing 2008 and London 2012 Olympics due to doping, analysis by The Sports Integrity Initiative has revealed. The eight Beijing 2008 medals and nine London 2012 medals have been cancelled due to sanctions imposed on Russian athletes, and includes four golds.

The majority of the sanctions issued are due to adverse analytical findings (AAFs) for Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) retested samples from both Games using new testing methods based on scientific research by Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov, Director of the Moscow and Sochi 2014 laboratories. As reported earlier this week, a number of Russian athletes are appealing such findings, alleging that Rodchenkov’s test is flawed.

A list of athletes falling under the Russian Athletics Federation’s (RusAF) jurisdiction that have had Beijing 2008 and/or London 2012 medals removed was published alongside an announcement that the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) has sanctioned Albina Mayorova with a four-year ban, after she returned an AAF for testosterone. Her results have been annulled from 14 March 2016 until 28 June 2016, which means she will keep her 2012 Nagoya Marathon and 2013 Yokohama Marathon victories.

The table above also illustrates the chaos that doping causes to Olympic results. For example, the winner of the bronze medal in the women’s high jump at the Beijing 2008 Olympics is likely to be sixth-placed Emma Green from Sweden, after the fourth and fifth finishers also returned AAFs. Likewise, Yeveniya Kolodko was originally upgraded to silver in the London 2012 women’s shot put after Belarusian Nadzeya Ostapchuk returned an AAF for metenolone during IOC retests, however she later lost that silver due to further retests. Such uncertainly presents a potential threat to the public perception of whether they are seeing the final result at future Olympic Games.

The table above only features athletes falling under the jurisdiction of RusAF, which remains suspended as a member of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and cannot enter athletes into international competitions. The full list of Russian medals in all sports lost at the Beijing 2008 and London 2012 Olympics is likely to be much longer.